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%ما هو (من)٪ 1 - تعريف
JOURNAL
Eighteenth-Cent. Stud.; Eighteenth-Cent Stud; Eighteenth-Century Stud; Eighteenth-Century Stud.; Eighteenth Century Studies
Eighteenth-Century Studies
Eighteenth-Century Studies is an academic journal established in 1966 and the official publication of the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies. It focuses on all aspects of 18th century history.
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
![Ahmose-Nefertari. [[Ahmose-Nefertari]] was the daughter of [[Seqenenre Tao II]], a 17th dynasty king who rose up against the [[Hyksos]]. Her brother Ahmose, expelled the Hyksos, and she became queen of a united Egypt. She was deified after she died.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ahmes Nefertari Grab 10.JPG?width=200 "Ahmose-Nefertari. [[Ahmose-Nefertari]] was the daughter of [[Seqenenre Tao II]], a 17th dynasty king who rose up against the [[Hyksos]]. Her brother Ahmose, expelled the Hyksos, and she became queen of a united Egypt. She was deified after she died.")
![Block Statue of Ay, c. 1336–1327 BC, 66.174.1, [[Brooklyn Museum]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Block Statue of Ay, ca. 1336-1327 B.C.E. 66.174.1.jpg?width=200 "Block Statue of Ay, c. 1336–1327 BC, 66.174.1, [[Brooklyn Museum]]")
![Head of an Early Eighteenth Dynasty King, c. 1539–1493 BC, 37.38E, [[Brooklyn Museum]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Head of an Early Eighteenth Dynasty King, ca. 1539-1493 B.C.E.,37.38E.jpg?width=200 "Head of an Early Eighteenth Dynasty King, c. 1539–1493 BC, 37.38E, [[Brooklyn Museum]]")
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![Tomb of Huy]] MET DT221112](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nubian Tribute Presented to the King, Tomb of Huy MET DT221112.jpg?width=200 "Tomb of Huy]] MET DT221112")
![Nubian Prince [[Heqanefer]] bringing tribute for King [[Tutankhamun]], 18th dynasty, Tomb of Huy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nubian Prince Hekanefer bringing tribute for King Tut, 18th dynasty, Tomb of Huy.jpg?width=200 "Nubian Prince [[Heqanefer]] bringing tribute for King [[Tutankhamun]], 18th dynasty, Tomb of Huy")
![Nubians bringing tribute for King [[Tutankhamun]], Tomb of Huy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nubians bringing tribute for King Tut, Tomb of Huy.jpg?width=200 "Nubians bringing tribute for King [[Tutankhamun]], Tomb of Huy")
![Egyptian relief depicting a battle against West Asiatics. Reign of [[Amenhotep II]], Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1427–1400 BC.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Block from a Relief Depicting a Battle MET 213 S3BR2 01GG.jpg?width=200 "Egyptian relief depicting a battle against West Asiatics. Reign of [[Amenhotep II]], Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1427–1400 BC.")
![[[Ahmose I]]. Though he was called the founder of the 18th dynasty, he was the brother of [[Kamose]], the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty. During his reign, he expelled the Hyksos from Lower Egypt and brought the Nile Delta under his control, politically unifying Egypt once again.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AhmoseI-StatueHead MetropolitanMuseum.png?width=200 "[[Ahmose I]]. Though he was called the founder of the 18th dynasty, he was the brother of [[Kamose]], the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty. During his reign, he expelled the Hyksos from Lower Egypt and brought the Nile Delta under his control, politically unifying Egypt once again.")
![Amenhotep I with his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari. Both royals are credited with opening a workmen's village at [[Deir el-Medina]]. Deir el-Medina housed the artisans and workers of the pharaohs tombs in the Valley of the Kings, from the 18th to 21st dynasties. Amenhotep I and his mother were deified and were the village's principal gods.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Amenhotep I.jpg?width=200 "Amenhotep I with his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari. Both royals are credited with opening a workmen's village at [[Deir el-Medina]]. Deir el-Medina housed the artisans and workers of the pharaohs tombs in the Valley of the Kings, from the 18th to 21st dynasties. Amenhotep I and his mother were deified and were the village's principal gods.")
![Sketch from temple relief of [[Thutmose II]]. Considered a weak ruler, he was married to his sister [[Hatshepsut]]. He named [[Thutmose III]], his son as successor, but Thutmose III was too young to rule at his father's death and thus his stepmother Hatshepsut was his regent. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter, [[Neferure]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thotmes II. (1884) - TIMEA.jpg?width=200 "Sketch from temple relief of [[Thutmose II]]. Considered a weak ruler, he was married to his sister [[Hatshepsut]]. He named [[Thutmose III]], his son as successor, but Thutmose III was too young to rule at his father's death and thus his stepmother Hatshepsut was his regent. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter, [[Neferure]].")
!["botanical garden"]] at Karnak, and ordered the construction of the city of [[Napata]] in Nubia.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thutmosis III wien front.jpg?width=200 "\"botanical garden\"]] at Karnak, and ordered the construction of the city of [[Napata]] in Nubia.")
![[[Amenhotep II]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Statue of Amenhotep II from the Museo Egizio.jpg?width=200 "[[Amenhotep II]].")
![Luxor]], and has more surviving statutes than any other ancient Egyptian monarch.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Berlin Neues Museum - statue d'Amenhotep III.jpg?width=200 "Luxor]], and has more surviving statutes than any other ancient Egyptian monarch.")
![[[Akhenaten]], initially Amenhotep IV, began a religious revolution in which he declared [[Aten]] was a supreme god and turned his back on the old traditions. He moved the capital to [[Akhetaten]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Akhenaten statue.jpg?width=200 "[[Akhenaten]], initially Amenhotep IV, began a religious revolution in which he declared [[Aten]] was a supreme god and turned his back on the old traditions. He moved the capital to [[Akhetaten]].")
![Ay]], married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh [[Neferneferuaten]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wiki nefertiti bittidjz.jpg?width=200 "Ay]], married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh [[Neferneferuaten]].")
![Queen Meritaten]], was the eldest daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. She was the wife of [[Smenkhkare]]. She also may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh and is one of the possible candidates of being the pharaoh [[Neferneferuaten]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PrincesseAmarna.jpg?width=200 "Queen Meritaten]], was the eldest daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. She was the wife of [[Smenkhkare]]. She also may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh and is one of the possible candidates of being the pharaoh [[Neferneferuaten]].")
![[[Neferneferure]] and [[Neferneferuaten Tasherit]]. Shown here as children, they were two of six daughters born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It is possible that Neferneferuaten Tasherit was the one who may have been her father's co-regent and may have ruled as the female pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ägyptischer Maler um 1360 v. Chr. 002.jpg?width=200 "[[Neferneferure]] and [[Neferneferuaten Tasherit]]. Shown here as children, they were two of six daughters born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. It is possible that Neferneferuaten Tasherit was the one who may have been her father's co-regent and may have ruled as the female pharaoh, Neferneferuaten.")
![[[Smenkhkare]], was a co-regent of Akhenaten who ruled after his death. It was once believed that Smenkhkare was a male guise of Nefertiti, however, it is accepted that Smenkhkare was a male. He took Meritaten, Queen Nefertiti's daughter as his wife.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PortraitStudyOfAkhenaten-ThutmoseWorkshop EgyptianMuseumBerlin.png?width=200 "[[Smenkhkare]], was a co-regent of Akhenaten who ruled after his death. It was once believed that Smenkhkare was a male guise of Nefertiti, however, it is accepted that Smenkhkare was a male. He took Meritaten, Queen Nefertiti's daughter as his wife.")
![[[Tutankhamun]], born Tutankhaten, was Akhenaten's son and the successor to Neferneferuaten. As pharaoh, he instigated policies to restore Egypt to its old religion and moved the capital away from Akhetaten.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tutmask.jpg?width=200 "[[Tutankhamun]], born Tutankhaten, was Akhenaten's son and the successor to Neferneferuaten. As pharaoh, he instigated policies to restore Egypt to its old religion and moved the capital away from Akhetaten.")
![After the death of Ay, [[Horemheb]] assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as a military official to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'', against everyone associated with the [[Amarna period]]. With no heir born to him, he appointed his own vizier, [[Paramessu]] as his successor.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/StatueOfHoremhebAndTheGodHorus-DetailOfHoremheb02 KunsthistorischesMuseum Nov13-10.jpg?width=200 "After the death of Ay, [[Horemheb]] assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as a military official to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'', against everyone associated with the [[Amarna period]]. With no heir born to him, he appointed his own vizier, [[Paramessu]] as his successor.")
![[[Tiye]] was the daughter of the court official [[Yuya]]. She married Amenhotep III, and became his principal wife. Her knowledge of government helped her gain power in her position and she was soon running affairs of state and foreign affairs for her husband, Amenhotep III and later her son, Akhenaten. She was also Tutankhamun's grandmother.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 027.jpg?width=200 "[[Tiye]] was the daughter of the court official [[Yuya]]. She married Amenhotep III, and became his principal wife. Her knowledge of government helped her gain power in her position and she was soon running affairs of state and foreign affairs for her husband, Amenhotep III and later her son, Akhenaten. She was also Tutankhamun's grandmother.")
![Deir El-Baḥri]], grinding grain, c. 1352–1292 BC, [[Limestone]], Brooklyn Museum.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Senenu Grinding Grain, ca. 1352-1336 B.C..jpg?width=200 "Deir El-Baḥri]], grinding grain, c. 1352–1292 BC, [[Limestone]], Brooklyn Museum.")
![[[Beautiful Festival of the Valley]] (Celebration of the dead in Thebes)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tomb of Nakht (6).jpg?width=200 "[[Beautiful Festival of the Valley]] (Celebration of the dead in Thebes)")
DYNASTY OF EGYPT BETWEEN 1550 BCE AND 1295 BCE, NOTABLY COMPRISING AKENATEN AND HATSHEPSUT
18th Dynasty; 18th dynasty of egypt; Thutmoid Dynasty; 18th dynasty; Eighteenth dynasty of egypt; Dynasty XVIII; Eighteenth Dynasty; Dynasty Xviii; Thutmosid; Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt; 18th Dynasty of Egypt; XVIII Dynasty
The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC.
Eighteenth-Century Fiction
Eighteenth-Century Fiction is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the critical and historical investigation of literature and culture of the period 1660–1832. It is published by the University of Toronto Press.
ويكيبيديا
Eighteenth-Century Studies
Eighteenth-Century Studies is an academic journal established in 1966 and the official publication of the American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies. It focuses on all aspects of 18th century history. It is related to the annual Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture. The current editor-in-chief is Ramesh Mallipeddi (University of British Columbia). The journal is published quarterly in October, January, April, and July by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
